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Dear Steve,
You are very close ! Zeppelin did serve with Federal Balloon Company as an observer during the Civil War.
There exists a photograph of him with a federal battery.
When he started his Zeppelin construction he was a retired cavalry officer.
But as you guessed his basic idea for the rigid airship came from this period, when it was still used for 'espionage'.
The basic idea was to put a number of balloons next to eachother in a sigarshaped rigid airship.
These balloons became gasfilled chambers, etc...
There is a rather good video for sale on the subject : Zeppelin of Eagle Rock entertainment, 1998 nr ERE006 of about 55 minutes.
Regards,
Johan
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